Energy

Exploring Colorado’s untapped geothermal energy potential

Charles Ferrer — Tue, 21 Oct 2025 15:49:22 +0000

Exploring Colorado’s untapped geothermal energy potential Charles Ferrer Tue, 10/21/2025 - 09:49

Charles Ferrer

Professor Bri-Mathias Hodge

A major question looms over Colorado’s energy future: why does geothermal energy — a natural renewable resource — remain virtually untapped?

Professor Bri-Mathias Hodge, based in the Department of Electrical, Computer & Energy Engineering, along with Assistant Teaching Professor Shae Frydenlund from the Center for Asian Studies, will examine the technological and social barriers that have held back geothermal development in Colorado.

Geothermal energy comes from the natural heat stored beneath the Earth’s surface. It’s harnessed by tapping underground reservoirs of steam or hot water to produce electricity or provide direct heating.

Colorado is home to significant geothermal areas including the areas of Mount Princeton Hot Springs, Waunita Hot Springs and the San Luis Valley — yet no geothermal power plants currently operate in the state. That could soon change, thanks to growing collaboration among researchers, energy companies and policymakers.

“We know there is an abundant amount of geothermal energy potential in our state,” said Hodge, who brings two decades of experience in renewable energy integration and power systems simulation. “What we need is a better understanding of the social, economic and regulatory factors that influence its development.”

Bridging technology and community

Assistant Teaching Professor Shae Frydenlund

Frydenlund’s work with Indigenous communities in Indonesia, some of whom oppose geothermal projects due to environmental justice concerns, sparked an interdisciplinary collaboration with Hodge.

“I became very interested in bringing together physical science and social science perspectives,” Frydenlund said, “and to understand why a place as geothermal-rich as Colorado hasn’t tapped into this natural resource.”

Her research, together with Geography Professor Emily Yeh, revealed that struggles over geothermal projects emerge in and through the politics of indigeneity, land tenure and uneven development.

“There are concerns over land rights, sacred territories, livelihoods and environmental justice,” she said. “We need to bring those perspectives as we think about using geothermal here.”

To capture both the human and technical sides of geothermal development, the �� team will combine tools, such as power systems modeling, spatial statistics and GIS mapping along with community forums, surveys and interviews. Gaining community input will be integral for this project.

One of their main goals is to create an interactive map tool of Colorado showing potential geothermal sites, layered with data on social and technological factors.

“Just because an area has strong potential doesn’t mean it’s a good place to develop geothermal energy,” Frydenlund said. “If it’s not culturally appropriate or desired by the community, resources can be wasted and projects can fail.”

The issue isn't unique to Colorado.

“We’ve seen this already in the U.S.," Hodge said. "Hawaii has been a leader in decarbonization goals and has great geothermal resources. Yet, there’s very little being developed there because you have to be mindful of the traditions in Hawaiian culture.”

The planning phase for the project includes three major steps: campus-wide town halls to connect with geothermal experts, identifying industry and community partners across the state and gathering preliminary data through stakeholder engagement. Between January and March 2026, Frydenlund will conduct fieldwork at six sites across Colorado, including Steamboat Springs, Buena Vista and Sterling Ranch in the South Metro area.

Building toward carbon neutrality

Geothermal exploration speaks directly to ��’s goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 and the Western Governors Association’s Heat Beneath Our Feet initiative, which announced $7.7 million in funding in May 2024 to advance geothermal technology in Colorado.

Geothermal technologies can operate at multiple scales from single buildings to community thermal networks to large-scale power generation.

“What’s really interesting from a power systems standpoint is that geothermal affects not only electricity supply, but also demand,” Hodge said. “If ground-source heat pumps became widespread, Colorado’s power grid could shift from a summer to a winter peak system.”

However, these technological advances alone can’t drive an increased transition to geothermal.

“Understanding the intimate relationships that people have with land and with energy and with each other will make for a much richer picture of what kind of future geothermal energy has in this state,” Frydenlund said.

The project is funded by a Research & Innovation Office New Frontiers Grant.

A major question looms over Colorado’s energy future: why does geothermal energy, a renewable resource, remain virtually untapped? �� researchers will examine the technological and social barriers that have held back geothermal development in the state.

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Geothermal power station (Credit: Adobe)

PhD alum earns international Excellent Young Wind Doctor award

Anonymous — Tue, 20 Jun 2023 06:00:00 +0000

PhD alum earns international Excellent Young Wind Doctor award Anonymous (not verified) Tue, 06/20/2023 - 00:00

Charles Ferrer

Nikhar Abbas (PhDMechEngr’22) is taking his research on wind turbine control systems to the international stage.

Abbas received the 2023 European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE) Excellent Young Wind Doctor award. EAWE, an international non-profit organization that supports wind energy science, annually recognizes doctoral students who have defended a thesis of significant impact on the development or implementation of wind power.

Abbas has been only one of two U.S. students to earn this distinction from the EAWE since 2008.

“It’s been exciting to know that my work is seen and my own ideas have had its reach,” said Abbas. He will be delivering the keynote speech at the EAWE PhD seminar in Hanover, Germany, this September.

Abbas was nominated for the award by his advisor Lucy Pao, professor in the Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering.

“As part of his PhD dissertation research, Nikhar integrated his Reference Open-Source Controller (ROSCO) framework into the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s software toolset with great attention to detail in order to allow as many other users (who may not have control systems expertise) to automatically design a controller for land-based, as well as fixed-bottom and floating offshore wind turbines,” said Pao. “I nominated Nikhar because I was noticing just how much ROSCO is being used by the wind energy community. Nikhar was the lead developer for ROSCO and it has really been nice to see the impact that ROSCO is having.”

Abbas’ research focuses on wind turbine design and control systems. These control systems are necessary to optimize the performance, safety and stability of turbines. His work helped to automate these controllers for fixed and floating offshore wind turbines.

“Turbines try to get as much energy from the wind. A lot of people don't know that blades on wind turbines actually turn themselves to prevent wind turbines from spinning too fast,” said Abbas. “We’re specifically making sure we have automated controllers to do this well and design controllers that can be applied easily to any new turbine designs.”

As wind electricity generation increases globally, so does the interest in these turbine control technologies for both onshore and offshore wind turbines. Floating wind turbine farms, which are installed in deeper waters than commercial fixed turbines, are seen as the next frontier in the wind energy portfolio. Harnessing power miles offshore will require rotating turbines that are among the largest ever built. Abbas’ research pertaining to wind turbine control optimization is relatively new, but critical in the field.

“The controller side of things is pretty secretive from the big manufacturer's point of view, and the details are not well known in the academic space,” Abbas said. “My research has focused on making standard control algorithms available to researchers and developers in all fields, and then has applied the controller to control co-design of floating wind turbines and wind turbines with active aerodynamic control devices called trailing edge flaps.”

Abbas always had a fascination with science growing up, earning his bachelor’s in environmental engineering and master’s in mechanical engineering at the University of California San Diego. During his time in southern California, he spent a couple years serving as a lab technician at the renowned Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

In consideration of his PhD, Abbas was inspired by several aspects. His internship at NREL’s marine hydrokinetic division, mentorship with Pao and enjoyment of Colorado’s outdoor recreation all drew him to ��. It was that internship that sparked his curiosity for mechanical engineering research.

“One day I was walking outside and it was windy and I kind of looked up and there's a turbine spinning,” he said. “I realized that wind energy was something where I could really see myself spending time researching and building a career on.”

Abbas developed open-source model algorithms for wind turbine controllers, which has garnered the attention of thousands of people around the world, including energy labs.

“A big part of this motivation was improving the accessibility of wind turbine controls and design ideas to the corporate world and actual manufacturers.”

Upon completing his PhD program, Abbas did just that and moved abroad to Copenhagen with his partner and took his experience in wind research by working as a control engineer at Siemens Gamesa, a global leader in renewable wind turbine energy.

“My hope is that optimized controllers become more of a standard baseline that the industry can use and especially the academic world,” he said. “There's ongoing work and feedback that has been received has been exciting to see.”

Top photo: Nikhar Abbas on a bike trip in northern Italy, just outside of Verona.

Nikhar Abbas received the 2023 European Academy of Wind Energy Excellent Young Wind Doctor award for his wind turbine control systems research.

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Majeau earns prestigious Department of Energy graduate fellowship

Anonymous — Tue, 13 Jun 2023 16:18:16 +0000

Majeau earns prestigious Department of Energy graduate fellowship Anonymous (not verified) Tue, 06/13/2023 - 10:18

Charles Ferrer

Majeau cycling with the �� Triathlon team.

Electrical engineering PhD student Fiona Majeau has earned a competitive 2023 Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellowship (DOE CSGF) for her promising research in electric grid modeling and simulation.

The fellowship provides full tuition and fees, an annual $45,000 academic stipend and an annual professional development allowance renewable up to four years, as well as a three-month practicum at one of 21 U.S. DOE laboratories. Majeau will attend a program review in Washington, D.C. every summer to collaborate with fellows, alumni and DOE staff. This year, the DOE awarded only 39 fellowships to PhD students across the nation.

We sat down with Majeau to share some thoughts on her educational journey and how her research could impact the electric grid of the future.

Where did your academic journey begin and how did you choose to study engineering?

I received my bachelor’s and master’s degrees in mechanical engineering from Stanford University. I started off in environmental engineering because I liked math and science and was motivated by climate change, but I eventually switched to mechanical engineering. I found that I enjoyed the challenge of designing and building functional products and the process of solving problems systematically. I particularly loved thermodynamics, which is the subfield I focused on for my master’s degree. I learned how to model the thermodynamic cycles that are used today to heat homes, refrigerate food and generate the majority of the world’s electricity. I have since found new excitement in electrical engineering, but this experience is what made me realize the critical role that energy infrastructure plays in combating climate change.

What experiences have been important in your professional journey?

Before coming to CU, I worked for five years in the electricity sector at a firm specializing in wholesale electricity market investments. This experience ended up shaping my interests significantly, expanding my focus beyond how electricity is generated toward the electric grid itself. Though I had been motivated by the threat of climate change for most of my education, it was at this job that I developed a genuine optimism that decarbonization of the electric grid was possible in my lifetime. This is what motivated me to go back to school and pursue a PhD in electrical engineering.

What made you decide to pursue your PhD at ��?

After five years in industry (and some pandemic-driven self-reflection), I started feeling a strong pull to shape a career that would more directly contribute to the decarbonization of our energy systems. I knew that the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) was at the forefront of electric grid research, so I began my search in Colorado. I chose to work with Professor Bri-Mathias Hodge, whose joint appointment with NREL offers invaluable opportunities to collaborate with NREL researchers. His lab group focuses on technical barriers to decarbonizing the electric grid, with a recent focus on enabling high penetrations of inverter-based resources, like solar and wind.

Can you describe your research area within electrical engineering?

My general research area is power systems, a subfield of electrical engineering that focuses on the modeling and simulation of electric grids. Most electric grids are huge networks of power plants, transmission lines and other equipment that exist to provide electricity to customers. The vast scale of these networks and the critical role they play in society means that researchers cannot just turn them off to run at-scale experiments. To ensure that electricity demand can be met in a range of potential scenarios, grid operators and researchers use computational models to simulate the steady state and dynamic behavior of the grid. My research will focus on how to simulate the dynamic behavior of electric grids with increasing levels of renewable technologies like wind and solar.

What is taking place in our current electric grid that your research hopes to explain?

In an effort to curb global warming, countries are looking for ways to reduce carbon emissions. Decarbonizing the electricity sector will likely be the most realistic near-term option in many communities. New solar and wind plants are now cheaper than other non-renewable options, and they are gradually replacing carbon-emitting technologies like coal and gas.

Despite the maturity and low cost of these renewable technologies, there are still many unanswered research questions about how to operate a grid with large percentages of wind and solar. These technologies are unique because they connect to the grid using electronic devices called inverters. The dynamic behavior of these inverter-based resources is significantly more complex than the dynamic behavior of traditional turbine-based resources, which are still used to generate the majority of the world’s electricity.

Modeling the dynamic behavior of generators is important because it predicts whether the grid can provide uninterrupted electricity service after experiencing a disturbance. The differences between inverter-based and turbine-based dynamics are so significant that the observed behavior of grids with high shares of wind and solar is beginning to deviate from simulated behavior. My research will explore how to adapt dynamic grid simulations to adequately represent complex inverter dynamics while still remaining computationally feasible for real-world applications.

What do you hope your research will accomplish?

Even though renewable technologies are expanding rapidly, they still make up a relatively small percentage of total electricity generation. Ultimately, I hope my research will play a part in society’s ability to fully decarbonize the electricity sector.

What does this fellowship mean to you?

This fellowship provides me with the intellectual freedom to work on the questions I am most interested in exploring. Coming from industry, I do not have the academic research experience that many other fellows have, so it is very meaningful to have been selected for this experience.

It is also an incredible opportunity to expand my community beyond �� to include the other fellows, alumni of the program and researchers from the DOE national labs. The opportunity for collaborative work is a big reason I decided to go back into academia, so I am particularly excited to join a team at a DOE national lab for my 12-week practicum. From everything I’ve seen so far, the program coordinators are supportive, organized and intentional about building a tight-knit community, and I am grateful to be a part of that.

What has been your favorite part about working with your advisors?

I have been lucky to have two very supportive academic advisors who are serious about their role as mentors. They provide practical and honest advice while still giving me space to make my own decisions.

My master's advisor at Stanford, Dr. Chris Edwards, told me that a PhD should not be another mountain to climb, but rather an intentional choice to spend five years of your life pursuing a problem you care about. That advice helped me decide to go into industry after my master’s degree and helped me again, five years later, as I began to reconsider academia.

My current advisor, Dr. Bri-Mathias Hodge, has similarly been nothing but an advocate for me and my career. While his expertise in this field is invaluable, the emphasis he places on clear communication, student well-being and my broader career goals are what made me particularly motivated to join his lab. He has established a collaborative, diverse and respectful lab environment and that matters to me.

What’s next after you finish your PhD?

I hope to continue collaborating with people who are excited about solving hard, interesting problems. I would also like to have some element of teaching or mentoring in my next role. I was a TA at Stanford and found that I really enjoyed the challenge of explaining concepts clearly, being a resource for students and being in an environment where everyone was motivated to learn. Right now, I can imagine working as a researcher in a national lab, staying in academia by pursuing the faculty route or even returning to industry. I am keeping my options open and hope to gain more clarity throughout the next few years of my PhD.

Any hobbies you like to pursue while you’re not researching?

This year I joined the �� Triathlon Team. It was a really fun way to find community outside of academics and to stay grounded during stressful parts of the school year. I swam competitively for most of my life, so it was fun to get back into an organized sport with a less intense mindset. Swimming was a very big part of my experience and support system at Stanford, so it wasn’t surprising that joining the triathlon team helped me stay sane during the first crazy year of grad school. Now that the sun is finally out, I am spending a lot of time riding my bike in preparation for a six-day ride in the Rocky Mountains this June.

Electrical engineering PhD student Fiona Majeau has earned a competitive 2023 Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellowship for her promising research in electric grid modeling and simulation.

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